Super-refraction and ducting(Rec. P.452)

• coupling losses into duct/layer

  • geometry
  • nature of path (sea/land)

• propagation loss associated with duct/layer

  • frequency
  • refractivity gradient
  • nature of path (sea, land, coastal)
  • terrain roughness

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In Rec. P.452, the signal intensity due to super-refractivity/ducting is calculated by taking account of:

• geometrical considerations associated with the antennas and the sr layer or duct

• the extent to which the path is over sea (since ducting has a greater occurrence over sea paths)

• Losses within the duct (or associated with the layer) which themselves are a function of:
  • frequency
  • refractive gradient
  • type of path
  • ground roughness