Propagation over smooth Earth

• Ground-wave propagation

  • smooth-Earth diffraction
  • geometrical optics
  • flat Earth theory
  • electrical characteristics of ground

• Recommendation P.368

  • curves for 10 kHz – 30 MHz

• ITU Handbook of Curves for Radiowave Propagation over the Surface of the Earth

  • curves for 10 kHz – 10 GHz
  • all practical antenna heights

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• Elements of ground-wave propagation – relative importance depends on path distance, frequency and antenna heights; permittivity and conductivity of ground all important.

• Rec. P.368 - propagation curves for 1 kW radiated from short vertical dipole on surface of perfectly conducting plane Earth, for various ground characteristics and exponential atmosphere.

• Handbook – curves computed from program GRWAVE.