Dr. Bill Luther delivered the first lecture of the day entitled:
DIGITAL RADIOCOMMUNICATION (WHERE ARE WE GOING?)
Topics discussed are include:
- ULTRA-WIDEBAND SYSTEMS 
- FUTURE (SOFTWARE) RADIOS
- ITU MULTIMEDIA STUDIES 
- ADVANCED WIRELESS SYSTEMS 
- DIGITAL RADIO BROADCAST 
- DIGITAL TELEVISION BROADCAST
- 12 GHz TERRESTRIAL SHARING WITH  GSO SATELLITE DBS 
- BROADBAND SATELLITE 
- ABOVE 50 GHz 

He said that ultra wide-band (UWB) technology is not a new technology since it has been in limited
use for years and is now also been used for communication purposes. He listed a host of uses of UWB such as
- Through-wall radar for public safety and construction
- Collision avoidance and airbag sensor. He said an appreciable percentage of road accidents in USA are
due to head to head collision and with this technology the figure would be reduced.
- Identification and location tags
- Local area voice, data, and video networks
On software defined radio, he said it is a new innovation that has been accepted about 2 years ago and it
uses computer (software) to transmit and receive radio signals.

The second lecture of the day was delivered Prof. R. Struzak on the topic "Alternative Technologies for
Internet Connectivity". He limited his presented on:
¤Power Line Communications (PLC)
¤High Attitude Platform Station (HPAS)

Power-line communication is based on electrical signals, carrying information, propagating over the power-line.
PLC is can be built by combining the optical fiber system of an electric power company with the master device
of the power line communication system. In this way the same power lines that bring electricity to televisions,
air conditioners, etc use at homes for high-speed Internet access.   This technology offers an alternative to cable
and telephone lines as a way to get broadband service, with its ability to quickly deliver large amounts of data and
high-quality video signals. 
The main advantage with power-line communication is the use of an existing infrastructure. Wires exist to every
household connected to the power-line network. To support this statement, an aerial view of Europe and North Africa
taken at night was shown.
The drawbacks are:
¤Electric power is full of noise so the data signal will be affected
¤There is  lot  radiation from the power line and therefore it will interfere with  other frequency 
Interesting photographs about the usage was shown which fascinated most participants. 


High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) is the name of a technology for providing wireless narrow-band and broad-band
telecommunication services as well as broadcasting services using both airship technology and high altitude aircraft.
The HAPS are operating at altitudes between 3 to 22 km. HAPS shall be able to cover a service area of up to 1,000 km
diameter, depending on the minimum elevation angle accepted from the user's location. High Altitude Platforms Stations
(HAPS) were conceived as platforms for the provision of telecommunication services. These HAPS are close but are
very expensive unlike the satellites. HAPS have been proposed.
Therefore HAPS are made up of an airborne with a telecommunications payload, and associated ground station
telecommunications equipment. 
One of the main challenges is to keep the platforms stationary. Winds of up to 55 m/s can occur at these altitudes.
Again interesting pictures of famous HAPS such as Helios, Pathfinder-Plus, and Pathfinder was displayed.

My personal observation of these two technology couple with the other provides a fine opportunity to close the
information/digital gap between the Have and Have Not.

We then had a 10 minutes tee/coffee break.

We then closed had a 2 hours lunch break.

Our darling instructor Carlo Fonda again handled the afternoon session, which was 
Divided into two:
- Lecture on Global Positioning System (GPS)
- Instrumentation
The areas covered under GPS was 
                                     1. WHY GPS?
                                     2.WHAT IS GPS? 
                                     3.HOW IT WORKS 
                                     4.TRIANGULATION 
                                     5.MEASURING DISTANCES 
                                     6.TIMING 
                                     7.SATELLITES POSITION 
                                     8.GPS ERRORS 
In main content of the lecture can be found at the link below:
http://wireless.ictp.trieste.it/school_2002/labo/GPS/PAGE1.HTM

He concluded by saying that GPS technology is a proven technology that has been with us for some time and is been
used in ways far beyond it original purposes.

When Carlo was about to demonstrate to the class how to use a GPS receiver to find one's location, two Radio Technicians
visited us and demonstrated how to use software to measure the signal quality and strength of a wireless access point.
After that was done Carlo continued his demonstration. He said that Police and other emergence workers could use the
GPS technology to locate the positioning of a caller. This is because it has been found that many a time callers wanting
the services of the Police and other unconsciously hang off without given their location to these Officers.

We then spend the rest of the time left on instrumentation. We used the Digital Spectrum Analyzer for the school to measure:
- The quality of signal from the wireless access point of the lab
- Detect the different signals in the room
- The antenna impedance
- The output of a generator