There were two lecture sessions in the morning on the second day of the 
school. The first lecture was by Dr. Struzak, one of the directors of the 
school, on `Radio links fundamentals'. The second lecture was by Dr.
Carlo Fonda, tutor of the school, on `Introduction to power budget for
radio links. In the afternoon, these lectures were  followed by the first 
introductory laboratory session of the school based on the 
basics of radio measurements, introduction to various test and measuring
instruments, and a excercise on line of sight radio link calculations.

Dr. Struzak motivated  the audiance by explaining the importance of
radio communications and illustrated various present day and future
application products which are based on the use of radio, such as 
cellular phones with GPS embedded in it for locating the phone holder
(for security and other reasons), combination of
radio link and cable TV for increasing the range of TV coverage, cars
with pressure sensors and GPS to avoid accidents etc. He then defined
information and and its quantization. Various issues involved in
the process of conversion of analog signal into digital and vice-versa
were explained with block schematic. Practical dynamic range mesurement
techniques for radio receivers (for example 1 dB compression point, SFDR
and two tone test) and their practical significance was also explained.
He then briefly introduced the importance of the deciBel scale,
various varients of dB scale (eg. dbm, dbV, deW etc) and stressed
the importance of reference impedence while converting
power into voltage. The fundamental limiting factor of the communication
system, thermal noise concept, was introduced along with the concept of
equivalent noise temperature as a parameter to indicate the measure of
`noiseness' of any communication sub-component such as antenna, receiver
etc. Dr. Struzak then explained the Shannon's theorem on capacity of a
communication channel along with the assumptions on which this theory is
based. The concept of bandwidth efficiency, in terms of bits/sec/Hz was
explained and the theoritical limit of channel capacity for infinite
bandwidth system was deduced. The ratio of S/(KT), as a measure of the
quality of the system, (more this number better is the communication
system) was illustrated graphically for various systems, which was followed
by significance of sources of errors at low power (thermal and other) and
high power (non-linearity of the amplifiers). The speaker then explained
various digital modulation techniques, the eye pattern as a qualitative
measure of jitter and noise in the system and the advantages of GMSK,
where one can use efficient class-C (non-linear) amplifiers 
In his lecture,  Dr. Struzak's mentioned many  classical references
for further studies. His lecture was very lucid and has given the
panoramic view of the history of the development of communication and
prospective future applications to the society.

Dr. Carlo's lecture on power budget calculations for Line of Sight (LOS)
and non-LOS system was based on practical approach. He stressed that the power
budget calculcualtions have to be done in advance so that one can decide what
type of equipments will be required to build the system, what will be its
cost, whether the emission levels are permissible by the wireless
controlling authorities and licence to use it can be obtained or not and
for redesigning the system on paper in case some of the constraints
mentioned above can not be met by the proposed system. Dr. Carlo
explainted the classical square law dependence of loss on distance and
frequency and deduced the free space path loss equation, which was
followed by a working example. He then explained the effect of multi-path
propagation, diffraction and fresnel zones, by taking theoritical
approach. Calculations of first Fresnel zone distance, and the clearance
required were then derived. Dr. Carlo also explained why it is complicated
to calculate the effect of hills instead of that of tall buildings, and
the conditions under which one vertically polarised antenna (in the region
of lakes and where there are flat roof tops, both of which act as a good
reflectors and creat multipath environment for horizontally polarised
waves). He also advised that one should use horizanally polarised antenna
where there are tall buildings which act as sharp obstacles for vertically
polarised systems. He finally stressed that inspite of all calculations,
one may have to move phycially antenna up or down and tilt vertically to
get the optimum results and one may have to use computer simulation
results. He also stressed that the environment effects like rain, snow and
fog are more important at frequencies higher than 10 GHz (used by
satellites) and their effect is not so severe at terrestial link which
use lower band of microwave frequencies. Lastly, Dr. Carlo expalined
various radio propagation models for indoor systems. His lecture notes wer based on
the intelligent web search. One of the sites mentioned by him for power
budget calculations was
www.my.athenet.net/~multiplex/cgi-bin/wireless.main.cgi.
His lecture gave sufficient confidence to the audience about how they can
do first level calculations for designing  radio links which are based on
LOS propagation.

In the afternoon, Dr. Carlo conducted the first laboratory session in
which he explained that power measurements are needed to check that
the transmitter is working correctly, to check the sensitivity of the
receiver etc. Then he described the use of in-line type (for trasnmitter power
measurement, signal generator caliberation etc) and and pass-through type power
meters (for VSWR calculations and antenna performance). 
Dr. Carlo then briefly explained the working of directional
couplers, based on circulators, which are used in the measurement of
forward power and reflected power.
In the later part of the laboratory, Dr. Carlo gave a laboratory excercise
to the participants for LOS link between the GGH and hill top in Trieste 
(at S. Guisto). The receiver to be used was Lucent make RG 1000
(Residential Gateway), whose specifications were to be searched from the
net, one the three types of antennas was to be selected (2.5 dBi Isotropic,
12 dBi directional parobolic grid or 20 dBi parabolic disc) and the link
was to designed at IMS band in 2.4 GHz range for 11, 5.5, 2 and 1 MBPS
data rates. In the second part of the excercise, the Fresnel zone clearance was
to be calculated at the mid way between the transmitter and receiver.
The paaticipants were divided in four groups, each group having 4 to 6 
participants. The results derived by the  groups were then discussed and summarised
by Dr. Carlo on the black board. In the end, Dr. Carlo also stressed that cables
are the worst souce of loss (could be as high as 30 dB/KM for RG-58U at
2.4 GHZ) and therefore the cables should not only be of good quality but
be as small as possible and its losses should measured.

Finally, the second day of the school ended at 6.50. The lectures were
thought provoking and interesting. Laboratory session was conducted in 
friendly, intractive way and promoted the culture of team work.
In all, the sessions were not only informative and educative but they were 
stimulative to set up inquisitive and learning atmosphere in the school
for the coming three weeks.
Proceedings of the day set up theoritical and practical background to a level where the
participants developed sufficient momentum to grasp the theoritical
knowledge and getting practical experience for the state of art
digital radio telecommunication system. Dr. Luther from FCC USA attended
the full morning session. His presence, along with that of 
Dr. Radicella, who is
the main motivator of the school, gave the grace to the
activities of the school on the second day.