Principal categories of propagation effects

1. effects of the ground and obstructions

2. tropospheric effects: clear air

3. tropospheric effects: non-clear air

4. ionospheric effects

- frequency dependent

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• Propagation effects classed into four principal categories:
  • Earth’s surface (composition), hills, mountains, buildings, vegetation
  • neutral atmosphere – refractive effects
  • neutral atmosphere – precipitation effects
  • ionized part of atmosphere

• All frequency dependent